This chapter presents the findings of the survey Factors impacting Credit handiness by Small and medium size adult females entrepreneurs from Microfinance Institutions In Nairobi. Analysis is done utilizing statistical bundle for societal scientific disciplines ( SPSS ) linear arrested development analysis. Each variable is analyzed individually in order to convey out the extent to which each of them affects the independent variables ( recognition handiness ) i.e. loan features, capital, societal cultural factors and instruction.
Data is presented through tabular arraies that are categorized and summarized harmonizing to common subjects. The analysis is based on the survey aims and research inquiries. The findings presented are from a sum of 69 respondents.
4.1 Demographic Features of Respondents
A profile of the respondents, which represents the features of the adult females, is presented in table 4.1. The demographic information captured in the survey related to matrimonial position, highest degree of instruction and establishment which the respondents received recognition from. The sample varied adequately in footings of the most of import background features. Examinations of the consequences professing the matrimonial position of the respondents revealed that bulk of the respondents 45 were individual, which is 65 per cent, while the least 4 were divorced old ages which is 6 per cent. Twenty respondents though indicated that they were married which represents 29 % .
The consequences besides indicated that bulk of the respondents were diploma holders, which is 51 per cent while the respondents with Secondary school making 30 which is 43per cent. 4 respondents besides indicated that they had university grade which represents 6 % . The consequences of the establishment of recognition of participants revealed that bulk of the respondents 50 received their loans from MFIs, which is 72 per cent Four respondents besides indicated that they received their loans from Banks which represents 6 % . . Six respondents besides indicated that they received their loans from Savings and Credit Cooperation ‘s ( SACCOS ) which represents 9 % while the other nine indicated that they received their loans from adult females groups.
Table 4.1 Demographic feature of the respondents
Variables
Number
Percentage
Marital position
Single
45
65 %
Married
20
29 %
Divorced
4
6 %
Entire
69
100.0
Highest degree of academic making
University grade
4
6 %
Diploma
35
51 %
secondary certification
30
43 %
Entire
69
100 %
Institution for recognition
MFI ( KWFT & A ; WEF )
50
72 %
Bank
4
6 %
Sacco
6
9 %
Groups
9
13 %
Entire
69
100 %
Beginning: Derived from Author ‘s study, ( 2013 )
4.2 Descriptive analyses
Descriptive analyses were performed on all variables, recognition handiness, capital, societal cultural factors, loan features and instruction background. The descriptive analyses include average and standard divergences
Table 4.2.1 CREDIT ACCESSIBILITY
Strongly hold
Agree
Impersonal
Disagree
Strongly differ
Availability of recognition has enabled you expand your concern
14 %
81 %
0 %
5 %
0 %
Business Expansion
33 %
53 %
0 %
14 %
0 %
Credit history deters you from having recognition from fiscal establishments
14 %
38 %
10 %
38 %
0 %
You have a good recognition refund records
33 %
48 %
0 %
14 %
5 %
You have sufficient information on how to travel about procuring a loan
14 %
66 %
0 %
10 %
10 %
When you need recognition beyond the maximal loan bounds from microfinance establishments you face troubles
19 %
43 %
0 %
33 %
5 %
In order to mensurate the dependant variable, some parametric quantities were used to determine the extent to which the respondents are in a place to get and use recognition. From the responses obtained, the handiness of recognition had enabled most respondents to spread out their concerns as it had the highest average mark of 4.069. Most of the respondents though indicated that they do n’t hold a good recognition refund records as this parametric quantity had the lowest average mark of 1.897. All the above information was dependable as most of the respondents indicated that they operate an SME.
Table 4.2.2 LOAN CHARACTERISTICS
Very Low Extent
Low Extent
Average Extent
Great Extent
Greatest Extent
Short loan refund period
5 %
14 %
62 %
5 %
14 %
Low loan sum
29 %
19 %
14 %
33 %
5 %
High Interest rates
0 %
5 %
0 %
67 %
28 %
Long loan Processing clip
9 %
10 %
0 %
62 % 62 %
19 %
High Loan Processing fees
14 %
14 %
5 %
53 %
14 %
Hidden charges such as menu
5 %
19 %
10 %
52 %
14 %
The respondents did non hold a great issue with the involvement rates, loan sum hidden charges and high loan processing fees. This is because these issues had a average mark less than 2.0. The issues which seemed to raise some concerned though were troubles faced on accessing high sums of loans and the loan refund period which was short
Table 4.2.3 Capital
Very Low Extent
Low Extent
Average Extent
Great Extent
Greatest Extent
Necessary resources for get downing and developing your ain concerns
0 %
19 %
0 %
57 %
24 %
Lack of human capital
33 %
43 %
5 %
14 %
5 %
Education and preparation
19 %
43 %
10 %
19 %
9 %
Motivation
14 %
29 %
0 %
33 %
24 %
Percept and calling efficaciousness
0 %
19 %
5 %
52 %
24 %
The respondents were asked to bespeak the extent to which parametric quantities related to capital and capital demands deterred them from accessing recognition. In this instance, the nearer the mean towards one, the less the parametric quantity deterred the respondents from accessing recognition. Among the factors which least deterred the respondents from accessing recognition was perceptual experience and calling efficiency with a average mark of 1.9655. The factor that extremely deterred the respondent ‘s entree to recognition was the deficiency of human capital which had a average mark of 2.2759.
Table 4.2.4 SOCIAL CULTURAL FACTORS
Very Low Extent
Low Extent
Average Extent
Great Extent
Greatest Extent
Lack of an entrepreneurial civilization
0 %
7.9 %
2.6 %
34.2 %
55.3 %
Limited household support in the advanced phases of adult females ‘s concern
7.9 %
2.6 %
34.2 %
50 %
5.3 %
The demand for an association of adult females ‘s concern with a adult male
7.9 %
5.3 %
10.5 %
26.3 %
50 %
Lack of assurance and ego belief
0 %
9 %
13 %
16 %
62 %
Passive acquisition methods
0.8 %
12.2 %
13.7 %
59.5 %
13.7 %
Get downing up endeavors without equal anterior readying
0 %
9 %
13 %
16 %
62 %
Heavier family fiscal load
0.8 %
12.2 %
13.7 %
59.5 %
13.7 %
In order to cognize if these societal cultural factors deter them from accessing recognition, interesting plenty, the adult females from the heavier household fiscal load does non impact the adult females enterprisers, recognition handiness as it had the lowest average mark of 1.7241. This shows that the work forces in Nairobi do back up their partners. The factor which affects adult females ‘s recognition handiness is deficiency of assurance and self belief as it had a mean of 2.2759. Table 4.4 presents the sum-up of agencies and standard divergences for each point
Table 4.2.5 Education
Very Low Extent
Low Extent
Average Extent
Great Extent
Greatest Extent
deficiency of schoolroom theoretical cognition
2 %
11 %
8 %
52 %
27 %
Self thrust, committedness and creativeness
11 %
10 %
5 %
55 %
29 %
Lack of accomplishment of composing concern programs
0.4 %
7.6 %
10.3 %
54.6 %
27.1 %
The Ability to web
0 %
6 %
7 %
58 %
29 %
efficient selling accomplishments through preparation
1 %
9 %
10 %
51 %
29 %
Engage in collaborative exchange
0.4 %
7.3 %
9.9 %
52.3 %
30.2 %
One of the major demands to acquire recognition is a feasible concern program. Most of the respondents indicated that the deficiency of accomplishments of composing concern programs truly discourage them from accessing recognition as it has the highest mean of 4.069 together with prosecuting in collaborative exchange as the deficiency of information is a major hindrance towards recognition handiness. The survey found many concern ladies booming besides their deficiency of schoolroom theoretical cognition. Most of them indicated that they regularly attend seminars organized by their microfinance establishments an there is a representative from their bank who comes at least one time per hebdomad to learn them issues of direction and maintaining good recognition records.
4.3 Descriptive statistics of the concepts
Since a individual concept in the questionnaire was measured by multiple points, the mean mark of the multi-items for a concept was computed and used in farther analysis such as descriptive statistics, correlativity analysis and multiple arrested development analysis.
To build the concluding information set, the research worker merged the aggregative study informations set based on the agencies of responses this is presented in table 4.3.1. In general, the mean mark for the points in the concepts ( recognition handiness loan features, capital, societal cultural and instruction ) were mean runing from 1.9080 to 3.2816 on a five likert graduated table.
Table 4.3.1: Descriptive Statisticss for the concepts
Concept
Cronbach ( I± )
Nitrogen
Mean
Std. Deviation
Recognition handiness
0.899
87
2.8571
.63478
Loan features
0.761
87
1.9080
.59485
Capital
0.849
87
2.1322
.63700
Social cultural
0.792
87
2.0287
.63805
Education
0.875
87
3.2816
.59732
Beginning: Writers digest, ( 2013 )
4.4 Correlation analysis
Pearson correlativity analysis was conducted to analyze the relationship between the variables. As cited in Wong and Hiew ( 2005 ) the correlativity coefficient value ( R ) scope from 0.10 to 0.29 is considered weak, from 0.30 to 0.49 is considered medium and from 0.50 to 1.0 is considered strong. However, harmonizing to Field ( 2005 ) , correlativity coefficient should non travel beyond 0.8, to avoid multicollinearity. Since the highest correlativity coefficient is 0.78 which is less than 0.8, there is no multicollinearity job in this research ( Table 4.3.2 ) .
All the independent variables had a positive correlativity with the dependant variable with instruction holding the highest correlativity of ( r=0.780, P & lt ; 0.01 ) followed by capital with a correlativity of ( r=0.737 P & lt ; 0.01 ) and so societal cultural factors with a correlativity of ( r=0.656 P & lt ; 0.01 ) , loan features have the least correlativity of ( r= 0.616 P & lt ; 0.01 ) . This indicates that all the variables are statistically important at the 99 % assurance interval degree 2-tailed. This shows that all the variables under consideration have a positive consequence on the dependant variable. Since all the variables had a cronbach alpha of greater than 0.7, all the informations sets are perceived to be dependable.
Table 4.4.1: Pearson correlativity coefficient
4.5 Hypothesiss proving
Since the steps that are used to measure the primary concepts in the theoretical account are quantitative graduated tables, arrested development analysis can be used to accomplish this terminal. Arrested development analyses are a set of techniques that can enable us to measure the ability of an independent variable ( s ) to foretell the dependant variable ( s ) .
The F-statistics produced ( F = 114.491. ) was important at 1 per cent degree ( Sig. F & lt ; 0.01 ) , therefore corroborating the fittingness of the theoretical account. Therefore, there is statistically important relationship between loan, capital, societal cultural and education degree and recognition handiness. The coefficient of finding R2 value was.841 per centum. This shows that 84.1 per cent of the discrepancy in dependent variable ( recognition handiness Y ) was explained and predicted by independent variables ( loan, capital, societal cultural and education degree )
All of hypotheses were supported.The consequence of loan features on credibleness was important ( I?=-.238, t=-1.871, p & lt ; 0.035 ) , therefore rejecting void hypothesis H01. In add-on, the consequence of Education was the most of import determiner of recognition handiness n footings of size of the arrested development coefficient ( I? =0.603, t=12.027, P & lt ; 0.000 ) , therefore rejecting void hypothesis H02. The consequence of capital on recognition handiness important ( I? =0.514, t=5.268, P & lt ; 0.0012 ) hence rejecting void hypothesis H03. Finally, societal cultural factors affect recognition handiness ( I? =0.247, t=2.577p & lt ; 0.000 ) hence rejecting void hypothesis H04.
It can be observed that every clip loan features are increased by 1 unit, recognition handiness is decreased by 0.264 when all other variables are held changeless. When capital is increased by 1 unit the recognition handiness is increased by 0.514 when all other variables are held changeless and when societal cultural factors are increased by 1 unit recognition handiness is increased by 0.247 when all other variables are held changeless. When instruction is increased by 1 unit, recognition handiness is increased by 0.603.
Table 4.5.1: Consequences for Hypotheses ( H1, H2, H3, H4 )
Hypothesiss
Co-efficient
t-values
Significance
R Square
Adjusted R. Square
Model F-value
Changeless
-.264
-1.651
0.103
.848
.841
114.491
H1
Loan features
-.238
-1.871
0.035
H2
Capital
0.514
5.268
0.000
H3
Social cultural
0.247
2.577
0.012
H4
Education
0.603
12.017
0.000
Beginning: Derived from Writers digest ( 2013 )
4.5 Multiple Regression Analysis between Different outsourcing Variables Service Delivery
Table 4.6.1 shows R ( the correlativity between the ascertained and predicted values of the dependent variable ) , which is.803. This is a really strong relationship between the ascertained and predicted values of the dependant variable.
The tabular array besides displays R squared which is the proportion of fluctuation in the dependant variable explained by the arrested development theoretical account. In this instance, it is.644. This means that 64.4 % of the fluctuation recognition accesibility ( dependent variable ) can be explained from the four independent variables. The value of the standard mistake ( sy/x ) is shown in the end product as.0048837. The arrested development was a really just tantrum depicting 64.4 % of the discrepancy in return on assets RA?adj 55.5 % this indicates merely a little overestimation with the theoretical account
Table 4.6.1: Model Summary stand foring the additive relationship between Different Variables and recognition handiness
Model Summary
Model
Roentgen
R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Mistake of the Estimate
dimension0
1
.803a
.644
.555
.0048837
Table 4.6.2 An ANOVA stand foring the additive relationship between Different Variables and recognition handiness
ANOVAb
Model
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
1
Arrested development
.001
0
.000
7.237
.002a
Residual
.000
69
.000
Entire
.001
69
a. Forecasters: ( Constant ) , loan features, societal economic factors, instruction, capital
B. Dependent Variable: recognition handiness
The overall relationship was statistically important ( F4, 33 =7.237, P & lt ; 0.05 ) It has a important degree of 0.041 this means that the opportunities are about zero that the consequence of arrested development theoretical account are due to random events alternatively of a true relationship
Table 4.4 Coefficients stand foring the additive relationship between Different Variables and recognition handiness
Table 4.4.1 below represents coefficients of all the independent variables and the dependant variable. It can be noticed from the important column that all the forecasters are important since their important degrees are less than 0.05. It can be concluded that every clip loan features are increased by 1 unit, recognition handiness is increased by 0.505 when all other variables are held changeless. When capital is increased by 1 unit the recognition handiness is increased by 0.608 when all other variables are held changeless and when societal economic factors are increased by 1 unit recognition handiness is increased by 0.405 when all other variables are held changeless. When instruction is increased by 1 unit, recognition handiness is increased by 0.303.
Coefficients
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized Coefficients
T
Sig.
Bacillus
Std. Mistake
Beta
1
( Constant )
.047
.007
6.681
.000
Loan features
.505
.002
-.434
-2.241
.040
Capital
.608
.003
-.711
-3.220
.005
Social economic factors
.405
.002
.653
2.497
.024
Education
.303
.001
.386
1.992
.064
a. Dependent Variable: Recognition Handiness
Chapter FIVE
Summary OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the sum-up of the findings, decisions and recommendations for the betterment of recognition handiness. Areas which can be farther researched are besides provided.
5.1 Summary of the Findingss
The chief aim of this survey was to look into Factors impacting Credit handiness by Small and medium size adult females entrepreneurs from Microfinance Institutions at Narok Town. The survey strived to prove the undermentioned void hypothesis.
H01 loan features and capital are non important obstructions to Credit Accessibility of SMEs from Microfinance Institutions in Nairobi.
H02 Social cultural factors are non important obstructions on Credit Accessibility of SMEs from Microfinance Institutions in Nairobi
H03 Education degree are non important obstructions on Credit handiness of SMEs from Microfinance Institutions in Nairobi.
5.1.1 Effectss of loan features on recognition handiness
From the findings, the void hypothesis on loan features was rejected and the alternate supported at ( I?=-.238, t=-1.871, p & lt ; 0.035 ) hence supplying support for hypothesis H1 and rejecting Ho.
5.1.2 Effectss of capital on recognition handiness
The consequence of capital on recognition handiness was important at ( I? =0.514, t=5.268, P & lt ; 0.0012 ) supplying support for H2 and rejecting H02
5.1.3 Effectss of societal cultural factors on recognition handiness
Social cultural factors affect recognition handiness at ( I? =0.247, t=2.577p & lt ; 0.000 ) back uping hypothesis H3 and rejecting H03.
5.1.4 Effectss of instruction on recognition handiness
In add-on, the consequence of Education was the most of import determiner of recognition handiness in footings of size of the arrested development coefficient at ( I? =0.603, t=12.027, P & lt ; 0.000 ) , supplying support for hypothesis H4 and rejecting H04. Finally,
5.2 Decision
5.2.1 Credit Accessibility
Consequences obtained from the survey showed that the handiness of recognition had enabled most respondents to spread out their concerns as the respondents indicated that bad recognition refund record deterred them from accessing the loans with a average mark of 1.8966. This supports the survey by International Labor Organization and African Development Bank in 2004 which found out that Bankss in general do non give peculiar attending to micro- , small- and average endeavor ( MSME ) funding because of sensed higher hazard and their ain deficiency of experience in MSME loaning as adult females are non encouraged to travel to Bankss for funding because they lack recognition history.
This determination though contradicts findings from a study on micro recognition enterprises conducted by Stotsky, in 2006 which pointed out those adult females have superior recognition refund records and loaning to adult females has a more positive consequence on family public assistance compared to work forces.
5.2.2 Capital
Most of the adult females entrepreneurs indicated that the deficiency human capital and inappropriate networking with average tonss of 2.2759 and 2.2414 were the major issue which deterred them from accessing recognition. This survey supports the findings by Chusmir in 1983 who found out that Women by and large lack the necessary resources for get downing and developing their ain concerns. Resources critical for success are the assets that adult females bring with them to the entrepreneurial procedure in the signifier of human capital ( formal and occupational experiences ) and the enterpriser ‘s ability to entree resources in the environment ( e.g. capital, providers, clients ) .
5.2.3 Social cultural factors
The survey revealed that the deficiency of assurance and self belief with a average mark of 2.2759 is the major societal cultural factor which deters them from accessing recognition. This survey supports the findings by Njeru and Njoka, ( 1998 ) ; Mutuku et al. , ( 2006 ) who indicates that societal cultural restraints and barriers which affects recognition handiness include a hapless societal background, self assurance and ego believe.
5.2.4 Loan features
From the survey it was apparent that adult females in Narok are ambitious as the chief loan feature which seemed to raise some concerned was the troubles faced on accessing high sums of loans with a average mark of 2.1379 and the loan refund period with a average mark of 2.1379 which was excessively short. This survey supports the findings by Vaessen ( 2001 ) , in a survey of handiness of rural recognition in Northern Nicaragua, which showed that entree to recognition is influenced by loan features such as the loan size and refund continuance.
5.2.5 Education
As a demand, Bankss and MFIs requires one to hold a good concern program in order to allow them a loan. A major hindrance towards recognition handiness by adult females enterprisers was the deficiency of these accomplishments with a average mark of 4.0690. This findings contradicts the survey conducted by Again, Lans, Hulsink, Baert and Mulder ( 2008 ) who were of the position that entrepreneurial competency does non merely depend on accomplishment of composing concern program but it farther supports the positions by the same writers who indicate that a good enterpriser acknowledging and Acts of the Apostless on new chances without needfully cognizing how to compose a concern program ; and that competency is non merely acquired by birth but through instruction, preparation and work experience.