Introduction:
Background
Taking a expression back at the history of automaton development, a particular sort of human-size industrial robotic armcalled Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly ( PUMA ) came into being. This type of automaton is frequently termed anthropomorphicbecause of the similarities between its construction and the human arm. The single articulations are named after their human-arm opposite numbers.
“It is deserving observing that in our work, the manus is magnetic and non a generalised operator. In the proper sense of the word, use is the map of the arm. The map of the arm is to place and East the manus, act as a mechanical connexion and power and feeling transmittal nexus between the manus and the chief organic structure of the individual. The full functional significance of the arm rests in the hand” .
Our work provides of import elements that are required to construct a simple robotic arm of really high quality. As stated earlier we are doing usage of the 8051-based microcontroller. The 8051 ‘s direction set is optimized for one-bit operations that are frequently desired in existent universe, existent clip operations.
Aim
The primary aim is to do the Robotic arm, which comprises of three hoofer motors, to interface with the Intel 8051-based micro-controller. It provides more interfaces to the outside universe and has larger memory to hive away many plans.
Scope
The range of this work involves corroborating the 8051 micro-controller Input/Output ( I/O ) signals are compatible with that of the robotic armstepper motors and proving of the automaton ‘s motor signals through programming the 8051 microcontroller. Assembly programming is used to develop the plans for the EPROM 2732 on the 8051 micro-controller platform that takes automaton ‘s motor signal as I/O and controls the automaton operation programmatically. We have assumed that after calculating out the interface issues for the Robot with the 8051 microcontroller, the same cognition can be extended to do really complex automatons with enhanced functionality.
Approach
We were able to execute a elaborate survey of the robotic armand the 8051 micro-controller. We tested the built robotic arm, and the hoofer motors when the automaton is loaded. We besides learnt and familiarized with the 8051 micro-controller utilizing assembly linguistic communication, and change overing the assembly linguistic communication codifications to hexadecimal codifications utilizing a development board.
Roboticss:
The word ‘robotics ‘ , intending the survey of automatons was coined by Isaac Asimov. Robotics involves
elements of both mechanicaland electrical technology, every bit good as control theory, calculating and
now unreal intelligence.
“A automaton is a reprogrammable, multifunctional operator designed to travel stuffs, parts, tools or specialised devices through variable programmed gestures for the public presentation of a assortment of tasks”
The fact that a automaton can be reprogrammed is of import: it is decidedly a feature of automatons. In order to execute any utile undertaking the automaton must interface with the environment, which may consist feeding devices, other automatons, and most significantly people.
Mechanical Structure of the Arm
In building our arm, we made usage of three hoofer motors and cogwheels since our construction is a three dimensional construction. A typical paradigm that we employed is as shown in Figure 1. There is a stepper motor at the base, which allows for round motion of the whole construction ; another at the shoulderwhich allows for upward and downward motion of the arm ; while the last stepper motor at the wristallows for the picking of objects by the magnetic manus.
Micro-Controller
A microcontroller is an full computing machine manufactured on a individual bit. Microcontrollers are normally dedicated devices embedded within an application e.g. as engine accountants in cars and as exposure and focal point accountants in cameras. In order to function these applications, they have a high concentration of on-chip facilitiessuch as consecutive ports, parallel input/output ports, timers, counters, interrupt control, analog-to-digital convertors, random entree memory, read merely memory, etc. The I/O, memory, and on-chip peripherals of a microcontroller are selected depending on the particulars of the mark application. Since microcontrollers are powerful digital processors, the grade of control and programmability they provide significantly enhances the effectivity of the application. Embedded control applicationsalso separate the microcontroller from its relation, the general intent microprocessor. Embedded systems frequently require real-time operationand multitasking capablenesss. Real-time operation refers to the fact that the embedded accountant must be able to have and treat the signals from its environment as they are received. Multitasking is the capableness to execute many maps in a coincident or quasi-simultaneous mode.
The assorted constituents of the MCU shown in Figure 2 are explained below:
- Random Access Memory ( RAM ) : Random-access memory is used for impermanent storage of informations during runtime.
- Read-only memory: ROM is the memory which shops the plan to be executed.
- SFR Registers: Particular Function Registers are particular elements of RAM.
- Plan Counter: This is the “ engine ” which starts the plan and points to the memory reference of the direction to be executed. Immediately upon its executing, value of counter increases by 1.
- Control Logic: As the name implies, it which supervises and controls every facet of operations within MCU, and it can non be manipulated. It comprises several parts, the most of import 1s including: instructions decoder, Arithmetical Logic Unit ( ALU ) and Accumulator.
- A/D Converter: A/D stands for parallel to digital. They convert linear signals to digital signals.
- I/O Ports: To be of any practical usage, microcontrollers have ports which are connected to the pins on its instance. Every pin can be designated as either input or end product to accommodate user ‘s demands.
- Oscillator: This is the rhythm subdivision of the MCU. The stable gait provided by this instrument allows harmonious and synchronal operation of all other parts of MCU.
- Timers: timers can be used for mensurating clip between two happenings and can besides act like a counter. The Watchdog Timer resets the MCU every clip it overflows, and the plan executing starts afresh ( much as if the power had merely been turned on ) .
- Power Supply Circuit: this powers the MCU.
Methodology
The method employed in planing and building the robotic arm are based on the operational
features and characteristics of the microcontrollers, hoofer motors, the electronic circuit diagram
and most significantly the scheduling of the microcontroller and hoofer motors.
Block Diagram
The block diagram of our work is as shown in Figure 3.
Circuit Diagram
The electronic circuit diagram of the development board is as shown in Figure 4. The connexion of the identified constituents and devices are as shown. The constituents shown are: the MCU, the LATCH 74LS373, the EPROM 2732, Intel 8255 PIO, rectifying tubes, resistances, capacitances, inductances, transistors, and op-amps. This constituents work together to accomplish the set end of controllingthe anthropomorphic-like agreement of the stepper motor. The microcontroller is the processing device that coordinates all the activities of all the constituents for proper operation.
Power Supply
This is used to power the whole system i.e. the Control Unit, Magnetic Sensing Unit, and the Stepper Motors. The transformer is a 220/12V measure down transformer. We used a span rectifier to change over the 12V jumping current to direct current. The unregulated end product from the filtering circuit is fed into a electromotive force regulator LM7805 and LM7812. These two are chosen for the design because the LM7805 has an end product of +5V which is required to power the Control Unit, and the Magnetic Coilwhile the LM7812 has an end product of +12v which is required to power the Stepper motors. The TIP41 connected to the IC regulators maps as an emitter follower amplifiermaking certain that at least the needed electromotive force by the Control Unit, the Magnetic Coiland the Stepper Motors produced.
MCU 8051
This is the processor. It coordinates the operation of the robotic arm by roll uping information from the EPROM, the LATCH, and the PIO ; interprets and so put to death the instructions. It is the bosom of the whole system.
LATCH 74LS373
This is a D-type transparent latch. It is an 8 spot registry that has 3 province coach drive end products, full analogue entree for burden, and buffer control inputs. It is crystalline because when the enable EN ( enable ) input is high, the end product will look precisely like the D input. This latch peculiarly separates the informations and address information from the MCU before directing to the instructed finish. The high-impedance stateand increased high logic-level driveprovide these registries with the capableness of being connected straight to and driving the coach lines in a bus-organized system without demand for interface or pull-up constituents. These latches are peculiarly attractive for implementing buffer registries, I/O ports, bidirectional coach drivers, and working registries. We are utilizing this latch because there is a demand to divide our 8 spot dataand 8 spot address information from the common line of the MCU, and direct them to the appropriate device ( s ) .
8255 PIO
This is a programmable input/output device. It interfaces the connexion between the 8051, the LATCH 74LS373, and the EPROM 2732 to external devices such as the hoofer motors, ( as is our ain instance ) thereby leting for communicating.
Erasable programmable read-only memory 2732
EPROM stands for Electrically Programmable Read Merely Memory. We made usage of this external EPROM specifically because it makes the accountant cheaper, allows for longer plans, and because its content can be changed during tally clip and can besides be saved after the power is away.
The overall diagrammatical layout of the complete circuit diagram of the whole control unit is shown in Figure above.
Stepper Motor
The stepping motor is a motor that is driven and controlled by an electrical pulsation train generated by the MCU ( or other digital device ) . Each pulsation drives the stepping motor by a fraction of one revolution, called the measure angle.
The Magnetic Sensing Unit
The magnetic detection unit consists of a magnetic spiral which can be magnetized merely by the action of the port P1.0 of the 8051. The port 1.0 was made usage of because when designated as end product, each of the pin can be connected up to four TTL inputs. That is why we have connected the pin 1.0 to the magnetic spiral through three TTL logic. The design is such that on the downward motion of the carpus, the 8051 sends an electrical signal to the Darlington brace connected to the magnetic spiral. The magnetic detection unit is powered on by three BC548 Darlington NPN brace transistor, through a rectifying tube each and a 5k resistance. The brace amplifies the current and makes the magnetic spiral bend into magnet. Then any magnetic stuff could be picked ( by attractive force ) and so motion continues. The magnetic stuff can so be dropped at another point when the carpus is made to come down, this besides is an action from the 8051 as it withdraws the electrical signal from the spiral.
Control Circuit
This is the control panel of the system as it oversees the operations of the mechanical arm, and the magnetic detection unit. The MCU 8051 of the control unit acts as the encephalon of the control panel as it coordinates all the activities of the other devices. When power ( +5V ) was supplied to the control unit, the MCU started off by lading the plan from the EPROM M2732A, interpreted and executedthe direction codifications through the assorted operational rules which had been described in inside informations in chapter three ( session 3.2 ) . The 8051 so sends signal to the hoofer motor which moves 9° per measure. The stepper motor ( M3 ) at the carpus first moves five times ( 45° ) turning the cogwheels to do a downward motion of the manus. The stepper motor at the shoulder ( M2 ) moves following stepping five times ( 45° ) and makes the affiliated cogwheels to do the motion of the arm 45° forward. Then the hoofer motor at the base ( M1 ) moves either 10 times ( 90° ) or 20 times ( 180° ) , depending on the button pressed, doing the whole construction to turn from right to go forth ( or frailty versa ) through the affiliated cogwheels. The magnetic spiral resting on the manus becomes magnetized instantly the last cogwheel on the manus stops traveling. Then, it magnetizes ( choices ) any magnetic stuff it can happen and so M3 and M2 moves the arm up while M1 moves ( rotates the construction ) from left to compensate ( or frailty versa ) and so the 8051 demagnetizes the magnetic spiral thereby doing the manus to drop the metallic object.
Consequences
This work is able to successfully carry through the defined functionality. A sample automaton which can revolve, magnetise an object, lower and raise its arm, by being controlled by the 8051 microcontroller is built successfully. The 8051-development board is soldered and it used the needed process for the right operation of the accountant. The 8051 development board has been interfaced to the hoofer motors such that the anthropomorphous like construction can be controlled from the buttons at the base of the construction ( robotic arm ) .
There are four buttons being controlled by the control unit at the base of the arm:
- ON/OFF: the ON button puts on the system while the OFF button puts off the system
- START/STOP: the START button starts the motion of the whole arm from its reset point, while the STOP button takes the arm back to its reset button after completion of its motion.
- RIGHT-LEFT/LEFT-RIGHT: when this button is switched to the RIGHT-LEFT portion it causes motion from right to go forth, while the LEFT-RIGHT portion causes motion from left to compensate.
- 180/90: when the button is on 180, it causes a rotary motion of 180 grade of the base hoofer motor, but when put on 90 grades, it causes rotary motion of 90 grades.
Decision
In this paper we have interfaced the automaton with different sorts of I/O devices and our method allows for hive awaying more plans to heighten more functionality. From our work, we deduced that in comparing to worlds, automatons can be much stronger and are hence able to raise heavier weights and exert larger forces. They can be really precise in their motions, cut down labour costs, better working conditions, cut down material wastage and better merchandise quality ( Mair, 1988 ) . This is why they ‘re really of import in industries because the overall aim of industrial technology is productiveness. Meanwhile, intelligent Control is the subject that implements Intelligent Machines ( IMs ) to execute anthropormorphic taskswith minimal supervising and interaction with a human operator. This undertaking can be farther enhanced to as a multi-disciplinary undertaking affecting electrical and computing machine applied scientists to work together to make more complex, intelligent automatons controlled by the 8051 micro-controller.