Harmonizing to Dar and Presley ( 2000 ) , an Muslim Bankss ( IB ) act as an intermediary and legal guardian of people ‘s money merely like a conventional bank but the reimbursement to all depositors is done on net income and loss sharing footing. This basic difference establishes an component of mutualness in wider socio-economic context and provides the right of ownership to its client. However, in practise Islamic Bankss are similar to their conventional opposite numbers in footings of organizational set-up.
The bulk of IB and fiscal institutes are concentrated in Middle East and Asia where the full banking system is dominated by conventional or involvement based banking system with Islamic Bankss runing in analogue. However, Pakistan, Sudan and Iran are exceeding instances where the full banking system is based on Islamic rules. IB is well-known as ‘the fastest turning section of the recognition market in Muslim states that have Islamic Bankss i.e. their market portion has risen from 2 % in the late seventiess to about 15 % boulder clay 2000, as measured by assets in the banking system ‘ ( Aggarwal and Yousef, 2000 ) .
The beginning of IB is merely three decennaries back but the growing is phenomenal ( increasing tendency in the development of Islamic finance industry can be seen figure 1.1 ) . El Qorchi ( 2005 ) revealed that the figure and range of Islamic fiscal establishments globally has risen from one establishment in merely one state in 1975 to over 300 establishments working in more than 75 states. The activities of these establishments have an consequence on more than 20 % to 30 % of the universe ‘s population, and in certain states, they handle more than 20 per cent of fiscal flows.
Figure Beginning: ( Alvi, 2007 ) .
An increasing figure of transnational Bankss have established subordinates and specializer divisions to offer corporate, commercial and investing banking services in the country of Islamic Banking and Finance ( IBF ) . The list of these Western fiscal establishments consists of Citigroup, ANZ Grindlays, JP Morgan, Deutsche Bank, ABN AMRO, Goldman Sachs, Chase Manhattan, NatWest, Societe General, HSBC and others ( Siddiqi 2009 ) .
With the increased function of Islamic finance a legion literature on IB has grown over the past 10 old ages. The bulk of the literature comprises of the comparings used in Islamic and commercial banking, debating the regulative and supervisory challenges related to Islamic banking ( e.g. , Sundararajan and Errico, 2002 ; Sole, 2007 ; Jobst, 2007 ) . There is, nevertheless, comparatively little sum of literature and analysis of the function of IB and Islamic mortgages peculiarly in UK.
ISLAMIC FINANCE
Harmonizing to Islamic Capital Market Fact Finding Report ( 2004 ) , Islamic finance is based on Shariah rules ( Islamic Torahs and regulations ) which are besides called as Islamic law. Shariah manages all facets of affairs including socio-economical, political and cultural facets of Islamic societies. The chief beginnings of Shariah are Holy Quran ( the sanctum book of Muslims ) , Hadith ( narrative associating the workss and statements of Prophet Mohammad S.A.W. ) , Sunnah ( the pattern of Prophet Mohammad S.A.W. ) , Ijtihad ( the logical thinking of Shariah bookmans ) , Qayas ( is the usage of premise by analogy to supply a judgement on a instance non referred in Quran or Sunna ) and Ijma ( the consensus among faith bookmans about expressed issues non envisaged in Quran or Sunna ) .
The cardinal characteristic of the Islamic fiscal system ( IFS ) is the riddance of the payment and reception of involvement ( or Riba ) . One of the poetries from sanctum Quran sing involvement is given below. The strong disapprobation of involvement by Islam and the cardinal function of involvement in modern commercial banking systems led Muslim minds to detect ways and agencies by which banking could be prepared on an interest-free footing. The basic difference between conventional and Islamic manner of finance is illustrated.
Figure: Mode of Finance
Beginning: Yaqubi ( 2006 )
Fundamentalss OF ISLAMIC FINANCE
The rules of Islamic finance have been comprehensively studied by Muslim and non-Muslim bookmans. Harmonizing to Gait and Worthington ( 2007 ) , IFS has typical rules including: turning away of Riba ( Interest ) , Gharar ( Uncertainty ) , Maisir ( Gambling ) , Non-Halal ( Prohibited ) nutrient and drinks and immoral activities. Further, IFS includes Risk-Sharing, Encouragement for entrepreneurship, Materiality, and Justice in socio-economic context. Some of the rules are elaborated farther below.
Avoidance of Riba ( Usury or Interest )
The animadversion of vigorish as money loaning for involvement ( riba ) is good recognized in the Islamic model. The cardinal position, originating out of classical apprehensions, is that the bravery of the prohibition on involvement covers all signifiers of involvement and ‘interest-like ‘ patterns. There are fringy Numberss of Islamic minds who argue that there is a difference between vigorish, which is prohibited, and involvement when it is for commercial loaning, which is legitimate ( UN-Habitat, 2005 ) .
Avoidance of Gharar ( Speculation or Uncertainty )
The exclusion on hazard or guess involves risk sharing between a loaner ( bank ) and a borrower ; the bank should be a spouse in the borrower ‘s hazard. An association of creditor and debitor, as in the model of conventional banking, in which involvement is the cost of recognition where the borrower faces all the hazard, is non permitted in Islam ( UN-Habitat, 2005 ) .
Avoidance of Hoarding
The Quran forbids vigorish ( Riba ) in legion different backgrounds and this prohibition arises out of an Islamic construct of money as nil more than a agency of exchange. Money has no value in itself and can non be allowed to give rise to more money ( as in conventional finance ) , it can non accrue any return ( i.e. involvement ) . The bar against vigorish is a consequence of the prohibition against stashing. Trade and fiscal addition are lawful, but inordinate profiteering is morally incorrect. Hoarding money or goods is Haram in Islam ( UN-Habitat, 2005 ) .
Avoidance of Maisir ( Gambling )
Iqbal and Molyneux ( 2005 ) show some grounds basic to the prohibition of games of opportunity and chancing. They argue that because of the high hazard involve in these types of traffics, some people hold a big amount of money, but others suffer a large loss, frequently leads to bankruptcy. This could take to greater fiscal and social jobs as they can non add any excess to public wealth.
Avoidance of utilizing or covering in out trade goods
Harmonizing to Islamic philosophy, some trade goods, such as intoxicant, drugs, and porc, are purely out. Therefore, people should non utilize or interchange points banned by the Holy Quran. Lewis and Algaoud ( 2001 ) have pointed out that neither persons or establishments can merchandise or finance endeavors that deal in out points. The purpose of Sharia in this respect is to advance ‘ethical ‘ investings that once more do non impact people and society adversely through the misdemeanor of spiritual prohibitions.
ISLAMIC METHODS OF FINANCE
Islamic manners of funding are designed in such a manner that they affect both the assets and liabilities of a bank ‘s balance sheet and are divided into two major classs. They are based on PLS ( net income and loss sharing which is a nucleus manner ) rule and the other is NPLS ( non-profit and loss sharing which is a fringy manner ) . Table 2.1 provides a drumhead description of the two manners of funding. These manners of funding are cardinal to explicating, planing and structuring all the fiscal merchandises and instruments of banking, insurance and capital markets within Islamic fiscal industry.
Net income sharing manners
Musharaka
Musyarakah
O©O?O±O§O?U…
Equity engagement contract
Equity engagement, investing and direction from all spouses ; net incomes are shared harmonizing to a pre-agreed ratio, losingss harmonizing to equity parts.
Mudarabah
O©O?O±O§O¶U…
Trustee finance contract
A profit-sharing partnership to which one party contributes the capital and the other the entrepreneurship ; or the bank provides the capital, the client manages the undertaking. Net income is shared harmonizing to a pre-agreed ratio
Qard Hasan
Qard al-Hasanah
U†O?O
Generous loans free of involvement and profit-sharing borders, colony by episodes. A reticent service charge is acceptable
Wakalah
O©U„O§O?U?
An mandate to the bank to carry on some concern on the client ‘s behalf
Hawalah
O©U„O§U?O
An understanding by the bank to arise some of the liabilities of the client for which the bank receives a fee. When the liabilities mature the client pays back the bank
Muzar’ah
Traditional opposite number of Mudaraba contract in agriculture.
The crop is shared between the bank & A ; enterpriser.
The bank may supply financess or land.
Musaqat
Traditional opposite number of Musharaka contract in Orchard
maintaining The crop is shared among the spouses based
on their several parts
Non-Profit & A ; Loss sharing manners:
Murabahah
O©OO?O§O±U…
A gross revenues contract between a bank and its clients, largely for trade funding. The bank purchases goods ordered by the client ; the client pays the original monetary value plus a net income border agreed upon by the two parties. Refund by episodes within a specified period.
Istithna ‘
O?O§U†O«O?O?O?
A gross revenues contract between bank and client where the client identifies goods to be made or shipped, which the bank so sells to the client harmonizing to a pre-agreed agreement. Monetary values and instalment agendas are reciprocally agreed upon in progress.
Mu’ajjal
Bai al Salam
U„O¬O¤U… O?USO?
Purchase with deferred bringing
A gross revenues contract where the monetary value is paid in progress by the bank and the goods are delivered subsequently by the client to a designee
Ajaar
Ijarah
Ijarah Mutahia Bittamlik
O§O¬O?
Lease and Hire Purchase:
A contract under which the bank leases equipment to a client for a rental fee ; at the terminal of the rental period the client will purchase the equipment at an in agreement monetary value minus the rental fees already paid.
Jo’alah
Service Charges
A party undertakes to pay another party a specified sum of
money as a fee for rendering a specified service harmonizing to
the footings of the contract fixed between the two parties This
manner normally applies to minutess such as audiences and
professional services, fund arrangements, and trust services
Table =Modes of Islamic Finance
Beginnings: Imady and Seibel ( 2006 )
Advantages of Islamic finance:
Islamic finance has attained a great trade of growing in countries of fiscal invention, cardinal banking operations, set uping money markets, accounting, revelation, ordinance, and evaluation criterions. The relationship between IB and fiscal establishments has been really supportive and every bit good. Some of the basic advantages of Islamic finance which finally leads to economic and societal development of the system as a whole are given. The basic advantages of Islamic finance are efficiency, stableness ; unity, efficiency.
Harmonizing to Siddiqi ( 2002 ) Islamic finance is planetary and widely distributed and it creates a close association between existent economic activity that creates value and fiscal activity. Muslim finance does non let making new hazards to gain in this mode. It is unfastened for inventions that are in analogy with its basicss. It is non a closed system with any regional, cultural or category associations.
International fiscal substructure
One of the most obvious marks of development of Islamic fiscal industry is that at the international degree, its institutional substructure is complete. Though it is in its initial phase but they are come oning satisfactory with the transition of clip. The different establishments in Islamic fiscal substructure are shown in figure and their summarised functions and aims are given in Appendix.
Beginning: www.iifm.net
SHARAIAH GOVERNANACE
IB has basic duty to do certain that all the merchandises, instruments, operations, patterns, direction etc. are in conformity with Shariah rules. Shariah administration is another component that is sole to IB and it serves as a anchor of the IBF. It supports legitimacy and assurance to general public and stockholders. The being of non-Shariah compliant component in IBF introduces several hazards like fiducial and repute hazards. The conformity with the Shariah rules will be achieved by holding a proper Shariah administration model which includes Shariah board ( SB ) , corporate administration, regulators ( FSA ) , revenue enhancement and the function of hearers which are discussed in later of the “ IFSB Guiding Principles on Corporate Governance ” states that suited methods must be shaped to do certain the conformity with the Shariah rules. Similarly, of the “ IFSB Guiding Principles on Risk Management ” states that Islamic Bankss shall hold in topographic point necessary systems and controls, including SB/advisor to guarantee conformity with the Shariah rules ( Hassan, 2008 ) .
Beginning: Alhabshi ( 2008 )
ROLE OF SHARIAH SUPERVISORY BOARD IN ISLAMIC Banking
The Shariah Advisory Board or Committee plays an imperative function in size uping the conformity of Islamic banking activities with the Shariah demands. So, the IB is required to unwrap the maps and responsibilities of their Shariah Advisory Board in detecting the activities associating to Shariah affairs under the Directors ‘ Report.
SB is an independent organic structure of high legal experts and bookmans in Fiqh al-Muamalat ( Islamic transaction/commercial jurisprudence ) and Usul al-Fiqh ( Islamic commercial law ) . However, the board or stockholders can name a specialist/consultant in the field of Islamic banking with the duty of directing, reexamining and oversing the activities of the Islamic bank. The fatwa and opinions of the SB are compulsory by the Islamic Bankss to follow.
The AAOIFI Standard requires at least 3 persons but Legal/statutory demand varies. In modern-day pattern, most of the Islamic fiscal establishments appoint between 3 to 6 members in their board. With respect to the coverage construction, the SB studies functionally to the Board of Directors which replicates the position of the Shariah Committee as an independent and independent organic structure of an IB.
Harmonizing to Hasan ( 2008 ) , major duties of SB include reexamining and attesting the permissibility of all contracts, certification and merchandises. Monitoring and oversing all fiscal minutess and operations of the Islamic Bankss. Reding and supervising the manner of disposin the non-Shariah compliant net incomes. Another critical duty of SB is to publish a Shariah supervisory study attesting that all minutess conducted by the IB are Shariah ailment ( usually incorporated in the one-year studies ) .
Confidentiality and discretion of trade secrets becomes a large issue of concern when a Shariah adviser serves more than one IB or fiscal institute in the same industry. Another major issue associating to Shariah supervising is deficiency of distinguished and learned bookmans in the field of Islamic banking and finance.
ROLE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN ISLAMIC Banking
Corporate administration is merely another word of answerability, transparence and equity of company ‘s direction and board of managers to stockholders, depositors and other stakeholders which includes fiscal establishments, fiscal market and supervisory governments and other suppliers of finance.
The issues of corporate administration arise because of the misdemeanor of the fulfillment of the promises. The basic issue is Principal/Agent job because there is separation of direction and finance or of ownership and control. The chief agent job is really complex in Bankss because of high purchase and other systematic hazards. The job besides lies in Murabaha contract where there might be a struggle of involvements between moneyman and enterpriser. Both the parties want to bask maximal portion of net income and it is merely possible when the relationship is based on honestness, efficiency and equity. So in order to keep broad benefits of all the stakeholders and economic system, effectual corporate administration demands to be evolved in Islamic fiscal institutes ( Chapra and Ahmed, 2002 ) .
Harmonizing to Al Jarhi ( 2000 ) , the corporate administration mechanism for Islamic Bankss is explained below.
Stockholders: IB acts as a corporate entity therefore they are abide by the UK corporate jurisprudence which clearly defines the rights of stockholders i.e. to supervise the public presentation of IB through one-year consequences and external auditing every bit good as sitting in board of managers and one-year general meeting.
Demand Depositors: Regulators ( FSA ) ever stand to insures that demand depositors, are acquiring the warrant of the value of their sedimentations and are able to reassign or retreat their financess at sensible costs.
Investing Depositors: Siting on BOD to supervise the banking operations in order to do certain that hazards and other issues are managed with due attention, size uping sedimentations so that people can sell and purchase certifications of sedimentations at will and eventually the rate of return on investing sedimentations should be calculated on the footing of entire public presentation of the whole pool can increase investors assurance.
Regulators: The regulators of IB proctors three types of supervising i.e. Shariah supervising to guarantee that bank is supplying quality merchandises, fiscal supervising which represents the fiscal place and direction of bank and eventually operational supervising which determines the applications of necessary processs for the arrangement of financess.
Fiscal Market Authorities: The governments must inquire a proper process for standardisation of Islamic fiscal instruments and contracts and set measurings of transparence and revelations, and regulations of Shariah compliant trading must be recognized.
Islamic Finance Community: Standardization of Islamic fiscal merchandises, contracts and merchandises every bit good as unified Shariah, accounting, regulative and supervisory criterions which are internationally acceptable addition the assurance of Islamic fiscal community.
Financial Community: High criterions of transparence and revelation with a competitory behavior addition the assurance of overall fiscal community in Islamic Banking.
The Public: The populace is ever interested in quality fiscal services and merchandises at competitory monetary value and footings and conditions.
Harmonizing to Suleiman ( 2000 ) , the corporate administration construction is shown in which drafts an intangible model of corporate administration for any Islamic bank. Shariah Supervisory Board ( SSB ) and the internal controls are cardinal to the model. In advancing good corporate administration, IB is required to describe their public presentation overview and corporate administration patterns. The public presentation overview requires the IB to unwrap their reappraisal on public presentation, steps, concern programs and schemes, at the same clip as the statement of corporate administration requires IB to unwrap the composing and duties of the Board, internal audit and control activities and hazard direction schemes and policies. These study demands are critical in supplying extra information to users in measuring the public presentation and behavior of the bank.
Corporate Governance Framework Source: Suleiman ( 2000 )
ROLE OF FSA ( FINANCIAL SERVICES AUTHORITY ) IN ISLAMIC Banking
FSA is a UK based fiscal regulative and statute law authorization to allow organic structures like corporate, partnerships, persons and unincorporated associations to set about fiscal activities, capable to ordinance under Part IV of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 ( FSMA ) . The three chief issues related to Islamic applications include the regulative definition of merchandises, the function of Sharia bookmans, and fiscal publicities ( Ainley et al, 2007 ) .
Regulatory definition of merchandises
Common understanding between FSA and Islamic houses on Product definition is a cardinal measure in mandate procedure. Islamic merchandises differ from the conventional merchandises on the footing of implicit in construction and non the economic benefits that are derived from the two. The construction of Islamic merchandises is based on the types of contracts that are acceptable under Sharia, which may non be tantamount to the 1s that are used for conventional merchandises under the Regulated Activities Order.
The function of Sharia sholars
The function of the Sharia Supervisory Board ( SSB ) comprising of Sharia bookmans as defined by the industry is to guarantee Sharia conformity in all the fiscal merchandises and their minutess. SSB bookmans examine every new product/transaction for its conformity with the Islamic opinions, before blessing. This function can non be performed by the FSA being a secular regulator as it remains rather complicated to judge rightness of a peculiar product/transaction in the visible radiation of assorted readings of Sharia jurisprudence. With deputation of authorization to SSB bookmans for reading and rating of Islamic merchandises, the FSA needs to set up the defining function of the SSB in each authorized house, particularly for measuring the affects of SSB ‘s function on operations of the house. The FSA must hold lucidity in specifying the bookman ‘s function as executive or adviser.
Fiscal publicities
Fiscal publicities are relevant to reflecting on its statutory function for protecting consumers where retail activities are undertaken by the houses. It is required by FSA to guarantee that all the retail advertisement is ‘clear, just and non misdirecting ‘ .
The suitableness of selected Shariah bookmans by Islamic funding houses, for declaring a peculiar merchandise as Shariah compliant can non be assessed by the FSA but the footing on which an Islamic house pronounces to be Shariah-compliant demands to be clearly communicated to the end-consumer. The rule is to ease and back up the development of common Shariah criterions by administrations like IFSB and the AAOIFI.
The FSA has till day of the month authorised Islamic Bank of Britain ( 2004 ) , the European Islamic Investment Bank ( 2006 ) , the Bank of London and the Middle East ( 2007 ) to be entirely Muslim Bankss. Furthermore, one Islamic hedge fund director has besides been authorized with consideration for the first entirely Islamic Takaful supplier.
Government enterprises
The industry publicity is supported by certain enterprises from the authorities in the recent times, to acquire advice on chances for Islamic funding in the UK. These enterprises include constitution of an ‘Islamic Finance Expert Group ‘ in April 2007 by the Treasury which has wide representation from cross-section of industry, the City, Muslim administrations and other organic structures ( including the FSA ) .
The group is supervising an functionary survey by the Treasury and the UK Debt Management Office to measure the proviso of a autonomous Sukuk in the sweeping market by UK authorities for its practical, legal, revenue enhancement deductions and the structural issues including the demand for primary statute law. This has been confirmed by the Chancellor ‘s pre-Budget Report in October 2007. Market participants have already shown their involvement in such commissariats and the authorities was besides found interested in printing a advisory papers for market participants, by the terminal of twelvemonth 2007.
The authorities has besides required a elaborate survey from National Savings and Investments ( NS & A ; I ) for a feasibleness of offering Islamic retail merchandises to look at the costs, benefits, scope and construction of possible merchandises to be offered with their possible demand.
ROLE OF TAXATION IN ISLAMIC Banking
A series of revenue enhancement and legislative alterations to take obstructions in the development of Islamic finance were introduced by the authorities in the early 2000s for wider public involvements. The puting up of particular undertaking forces by the UK revenue enhancement governments and the FSA was chiefly to reexamine the Islamic banking demands and to guarantee a “ flat playing field ” for IB in comparing to the conventional banking.
A critical alteration was seen in the Finance Act 2003 with a proviso for alleviation to forestall multiple payment of Stamp Duty Land Tax on Islamic mortgages. The Finance Acts 2005 and 2006 were aimed at set uping a common revenue enhancement terms for other merchandises of IB and their conventional equivalents. Sukuk in the Finance Act 2007 has been able to clear up the revenue enhancement model and the work is still in advancement on it ( www.bta.kz ) .
The cardinal issue related to revenue enhancement in IB is Islamic sedimentation history which is Mudaraba based where the Bankss portions the net income with their client. Normally, any involvement payments made by Bankss to its depositors is deductible from gross income before revenue enhancement is calculated. But harmonizing to UK revenue enhancements jurisprudence all involvement payments made on sedimentations that were correlated to the net income made by a bank was non allowed to be deducted from gross income but was measured as distribution of net income after revenue enhancement. In other words, they were considered as dividend payments[ 1 ].This high happening of revenue enhancement charge made the IB economically unviable.
In order to work out this issue UK authorities established a particular Inland Revenue undertaking force to reexamine the revenue enhancement of Islamic merchandises in 2005 and in the Finance Act 2005 Islamic merchandises were defined as “ alternate Fiscal Arrangements ” . The net income payment on the sedimentations was termed as “ Profit Share Return ” . Islamic merchandises are non specially mentioned in the Finance Act but merely in the explanatory notes. Furthermore the Act is concerned non with rules but the specific constructions of the merchandises. In the explanatory notes it was clearly stated that the relevant legislative clauses relate to agreements:
“ involves net incomes and losingss on gross revenues of assets or net income portion understandings that are economically tantamount to conventional banking merchandises, but are non involvement or bad returns. The step ensures that such agreements are taxed no more or less favorably than tantamount finance agreements affecting involvement ” .
Another issue related to revenue enhancement is of VAT, which has been hard to decide as VAT requires major alteration at European degree being under European broad statute law. However, UK authorities still issued guidelines for application of VAT on Islamic merchandises in the same manner as conventional merchandises.
ROLE OF EXTERNAL AUDITORS IN ISLAMIC Banking
‘The concern organisations ‘ sizes and complexnesss have projected external hearers as an assistance to supply confidences sing the companies ‘ information for their decision-making ( Armstrong, 1987 ; Chandler & A ; Edwards, 1996 ) , so as to avoid the happening of errors like issue of incorrect statements, frauds and use in direction ( Watts & A ; Zimmerman, 1986 ; Chandler et al. , 1993 ) . Furthermore the betterment in the efficiency of capital markets is besides aided through it. External hearers are required to minimise the judicial proceeding as information provided by the companies can consequence into economic and societal impacts on different parties ( Anderson et al. , 1998 ; Moizer & A ; Hansford-Smith, 1998 ) ‘ .
The International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) are by and large used In UK. Following are some of the criterions that are widely used by Muslim Bankss and different fiscal establishments:
“ 68 criterions on accounting, scrutinizing, administration, ethical, and Shari’a Standards, including a statement on capital adequateness
25 Financial Accounting Standards
5 Auditing Standards
6 Corporate Administration
2 Code of Ethical motives
30 Shari ‘ a Standards ”
Bank collapses like BCCI and Denudations are good illustrations of the critical functions played by the external hearers for banking ordinance and monitoring. Harmonizing to the Basel Core Principles for effectual Banking Supervision 1997, both “ on-site ” and “ off-site ” supervising are required for an effectual banking supervisory system. In Off-site supervising, external hearers are used by the regulators while in On-site supervising, the scrutiny staff of bank supervisory bureau or supervisors normally committee the work, which may be undertaken by the external hearers. ( www.mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de )
The purposes of Basel II are to promote the better hazard direction through capital inducements with flexible and comprehensive exposures, securitizations and operational hazards. Basel II besides lays great accent on authorization of supervisors, sweetening of revelations, transparence and market subject. The accent on the function of supervisors and their relationship with external hearers might bespeak demand for allotment of more resources by national governments for banking supervising. Basel II is responsible for increasing the consciousness of Bankss for importance of hazard direction. The version to the technological environment and new regulative environment create both uncertainnesss and chances at the same clip. The competitory border of these Bankss can be at interest if prompt and relevant response is non given for these alterations. ( www.iifm.net )
Many IB or organisations offering Islamic banking products/services try to minimise or except the functions played by the external hearers for their banking minutess. However, scrutinizing in banking establishments is carried out by an internal employee, enabling the bank to hold control of what is revealed / concealed for scrutinizing. ( www.asharqalawsat.com )
The qualified hearer ‘s function in corporate administration includes job designation with IB hazard direction and internal commanding systems and just representation of fiscal place and public presentation of Islamic bank in its fiscal statements. The coverage and communicating channels of external hearers with other interest holders in IB can be shown in Figure 2.5. Both the Internal and external hearers are agents of important importance for the board and their work can be used to independently look into the operational and public presentation related information received from the Islamic bank. The sweetening in the effectivity of board and senior direction can be achieved by:
Admiting the significance of the auditing and pass oning it throughout the Islamic bank.
Trying to heighten the liberty and importance of hearers through assorted steps.
Trying to assist hearers in understanding their responsibilities to the Islamic bank and its stakeholders for exerting professionalism with great attention in scrutinizing.
Using the findings of scrutinizing expeditiously and efficaciously.
Necessitating efficient rectification of direction of jobs identified as a consequence of scrutinizing ( khalis ) .
Beginning: Alhabshi ( 2008 )
Islamic Financial Products
There has been a variegation of Islamic structured merchandises, including existent estate, insurance, corporate bonds every bit good as undertaking finance which lies in banking, insurance and capital markets industry of Islamic finance.
Muslim Mortgages
The constitution of Islamic funding as a ‘mainstream ‘ activity can be recognized through recent developments in the UK, which is considered to be an alternate method of funding in comparing to the conventional bank funding. Commercial Bankss have besides started to offer Shari’ah-compliant mortgages so as to pull the Muslim clients, which is facilitated by some of the enterprises from UK authorities to amend the revenue enhancement Torahs for clear uping the intervention of certain Islamic constructions.
Islamic Insurance
The Takaful operations are found to be common in nature and have similarity with the conventional common insurance companies. Takaful houses and merchandises are structured in a manner that address the Shariah concerns as perceived by the Shariah bookmans in comparing to the conventional insurance merchandises which include uncertainness ( Gharar ) , chancing ( Maisir ) , involvement ( Riba ) and investing scheme. Takaful merchandises have three distinguishable characteristics to turn to these concerns including wider transparence to supply differentiation between the Takaful fund ( consisting of parts from policyholders akin to premiums ) and the Takaful operator who manages the fund ( FSA ) .
Muslim Chemical bonds
The international Islamic bond ( sukuks ) market reached $ 6.7bn in 2004 from $ 1.9bn in 2003 and a non-existence in 2000. The twelvemonth 2003 is considered to be a record twelvemonth holding achieved the landmark of $ 400m IDB planetary sukuk and being the first of all time launched AAA rated Islamic bond. The warm credence of sukuk offering was followed by Qatar ‘s $ 700m Ijara sukuk. ( 13205 ) . In 1999, two indices were launched on the equity side for benchmarking equity monetary values for investing by Islamic fiscal establishments including the Dow Jones Islamic Market ( DJIM ) Index in Bahrain and the Financial Times Stock Exchange Global Islamic Index Series ( GIIS ) . Islamic indices still remain to be in their babyhood and play a limited function in Islamic fiscal markets despite their universe broad publication ( Errico and Farahbaksh, 1998 ) .
You need a separate chapter on Islamic sharia board- giving full item of its history, outgrowth, maps, duties, instance surveies examples etc. etc.
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