Since the fiscal crisis in 2008, the Chinese securities market turns out to be black. Specifically, the Shanghai Composite Index declines from over 6000 to 2200, which makes the medium and little investors suffer heavy losingss. Consequently, people from all walks of life knock the current securities market and claim flawlessness of the protection mechanism of vulnerable investors, which will take the market to develop on a sound path.
With the constitution of the Shanghai Stock exchange taking the illustration of America on 19th December 1990, China started to do great attempts to construct a legal system for modulating the securities market ( Yan Gao,2003 ) .However, the illegal behaviours in the securities market continue to be a terrible issue. For illustration, insider trading and market use. Compared to the Chinese securities market, the vulnerable investors ‘ rights and involvements are protected efficaciously in the US securities. Therefore, this essay will foremost analyse the definition of vulnerable investors in securities market and the significance of protecting them. Second, it will demo the current position of the mechanism of protection vulnerable investors in securities market in China. Lastly, based on the USA securities market, the essay conducts an analysis of instruction and statute law in securities market of China.
Mechanism of vulnerable investors protection
Definition of vulnerable investors
Relative to institutional investors, the vulnerable investors are more vulnerable to the capital, the information, consequence of psychological prejudices and grab indispensable events, for illustration, market return dazes ( Kaniel et al. , 2008 ; Barber and Odean, 2008 ) .However, it does n’t intend that every vulnerable investor is vulnerable to all Fieldss. One may be vulnerable to one or more parts. In drumhead, our vulnerable investors are vulnerable to chief three points, as follows.
2.1.1 Asymmetrical information
Vulnerable investors are hapless indexs of future stock returns because of limited information, at least in the short-run ( Brown & A ; Cliff, 2011 ) , while some institutional investors or big stockholders possess any superior or above-average information to bespeak future market developments.
2.1.2 Lack of capital
On 8th February 2012, Chinese Stock Paper and Sina[ 1 ]Finance and Economics jointly promulgated the consequence of investors study in Chinese securities market ( hypertext transfer protocol: //survey.finance.sina.com.cn/result/64210.html ) , which shows that the per centums of single investors ‘ lunar income which are under 2000 RMB and 2000-5000 RMB are 15.8 % and 50.3 % , severally, that the per centums of investors ‘ capital graduated table in securities market are under 100000 RMB and 100000-300000 RMB history for 36.9 % and 31.7 % severally. Therefore, both income degree and capital graduated table of some single investors are significantly lower than that of institutional investors or big stockholders.
2.1.3 Lack of cognition of securities
Some single investors lack the cognition of securities, which chiefly presents the ability of hazard analysis and geting information from fiscal statement. Specifically, the per centum of our vulnerable investors who make determinations based on the recommendation of stock analysts, debut of relations and friends and pipeline shows 62.3 % ( Yin Haiyuan & A ; Li Zhongmin,2011 ) .Compared to single investors, institutional investors invest a great sum of homo, fiscal and material resources in the securities market.
2.2 The significance of protecting our vulnerable investors
Mentioning to the USA, it is an economically developed state. However, why do people believe that? This is because the state obtains sustainable economic system development, to some grade, which benefits from steady development in securities market in several decennaries. As for the stable development of the securities market, it net incomes from vulnerable investor protection.
As for China, on 14th February 2011, Japan authorities claimed that Nipponese nominal GDP for 5.4742 trillion dollars in 2010, which is less than China ( hypertext transfer protocol: //finance.sina.com.cn/j/20110214/08519369574.shtml ) .Therefore, China became the 2nd largest economic system in the universe, to some grade, which may profit from the prosperity of securities market from 1990 to 2008.Moreover, in 2011, China Securities Regulatory Commission Investor Protection Agency claimed that it is indispensable and necessary to protect vulnerable investors in order to stabilise the securities and hike the development of economic system.
Therefore, mentioning to historical experience, honing the mechanism of protection vulnerable investors could forestall vulnerable investors ‘ involvements and rights from go againsting to a great extent, maintain the stableness of the securities market and hike steady development of national economic system.
The current mechanism of vulnerable investors protection
With the development of securities market within 21 old ages in China, vulnerable investor protection is good from three facets, as follows.
3.1 The supervising of China authorities to securities market
At present, China Securities Regulatory Commission is responsible for oversing securities market, which includes the work of investor protection, organisational counsel, supervising and review, set uping and bettering regulative policy system of investor protection, coordination of assorted sectors, instruction services. Although China authorities makes an attempt to protect vulnerable investors, the consequence is non positive as it thought. Specifically, on the one manus, some regulators do n’t execute their responsibilities, while on the other manus, there is the rent-seeking infinite makes some wrongdoers implement graft successfully. Therefore, vulnerable investors ‘ rights and involvements are violated.
3.2 Vulnerable investors protection in statute law facet
Since the constitution of securities market in China, the legal system building has made great attempts to protect vulnerable investors, such as Company Act and Securities Act. However, some drawbacks exist in the securities market. For case, regulations are non all right, punishment is excessively low and the executing is inefficient, which is tantamount to promote potentially illegal behaviours. So, China should do more attempts to hone its jurisprudence system.
3.3 Protecting vulnerable investors from some bureaus
In 2005, in order to protect vulnerable investors, China authorities established a entirely state-owned protection fund company. Furthermore, in the terminal of 2011, China Securities Regulatory Commission Investor Protection Agency was established, which claims its following way is to set up investors ‘ difference ordinance and arbitration mechanism.
It can be seen that comparative to institutional investors vulnerable investors have a important figure of disadvantages so that we should hone investor protection mechanism to give all investors just trade chances.
Analyzing both educational and legal facets of mechanism of vulnerable investors protection
As above analyzed, vulnerable investor protection mechanism is deficient. However, some drawbacks could non be improved because they are congenital issues. For illustration, asymmetric information caused by impersonal grounds which are channels of geting information and busy occupations. Therefore, this essay analyzes two facets, including investor instruction and statute law, in order to better the quality of vulnerable investors, the efficiency of jurisprudence enforcement and the punishment degree of illegal behaviours.
4.1 Analyzing educational facet
There is a study about investors ‘ civilization in 2011 ( Yin Haiyuan and Li Zhongmin, 2011 ) . See the Figure 1.
Figure 1 the distribution of investor civilization by research
Harmonizing to the above figure 1, it shows that the per centum of investors with bachelor grade or above is the least one of the sum, accounting for merely 11.7 % , the per centum of investors with junior college grade represents 21.9 % , the per centum of investors with below junior high school grade makes up 16.6 % and the per centum of investors with junior high school grade presents about 50 % .Furthermore, In China, persons who are small apprehension of fiscal cognition, represent 60 % to 80 % of trading in the securities market ( James, 2007 ) . Therefore, the per centum of persons who are with junior high school or miss fiscal cognition is really big, which suggests that it is pressing to better investor instruction. At present, Chinese investor instruction led by Securities Association of China is a top-down prima instruction manner. Although this sort of manner dramas an indispensable function in early, with the development of securities market and an increasing figure of single investor there are assorted jobs, which are caused by the activities of securities bureaus ‘ investor instruction related to economic benefits that cut down the activities ‘ objectiveness, truth and equity and eventually cut down the consequence of the investor instruction ( Zhang Yi, 2010 ) . Therefore, we need a new manner to do up the lack of the dominant manner. China could take an illustration from the USA securities market. It is the 3rd party instruction that is an organisation which is non related to securities regulative, dealing colony section, securities concern establishments and investors so that the organisation is non related to the involvements of investors ( Zhang Yi, 2010 ) . The 3rd party instruction may be instruction establishments, research establishments or professional 3rd party educational bureaus so that it is able to learn vulnerable investors existent and good cognition. Importantly, investor instruction may be dominated freely by market in the hereafter ( Zhang Yi, 2010 ) . See the Figure 2.
Supervision Agency
Securities Third
Agency Party
Investors
Securities Third
Agency Party
Investors
Supervision Agency
Securities
Agency
Investors
The Future
The Current
The Improved
Figure 2 the alterations of investor instruction
4.2 Analyzing statute law facet
Although investor instruction could better the securities cognition of vulnerable investors in personal facet, we ought to hone the impersonal environment of securities market, particularly statute law in the securities market. Because if we do n’t construct a rational and specific regulative model in order to guarantee good administration and prudent direction of the establishments that will function investor, both microeconomic and macroeconomic aims could non be achieved ( Yongbeom, 2003 ) . Therefore, the undermentioned portion will analyse the statute law in securities from the four facets in order to better the legal system to guarantee that the securities market gets a healthy and long development.
4.2.1 The influence of authorities
China is the public ownership playing a dominant function and diverse signifiers of ownership developing side by side state so that the proportion of the collectivist endeavors in the stock market is high. But legion state-owned listed endeavors ‘ largest stockholders are market regulators ( Zhang Yi, 2010 ) . Furthermore, the degree of securities market supervising system in an endeavor shutting to the authorities in China is weak while the supervising degree in a company which is non close to authorities nowadayss efficaciously ( Berkman et al. , 2008 ) .Therefore, China authorities ought to hone the jurisprudence to separate authorities maps from endeavor direction to protect vulnerable investors.
4.2.2 The relationship between securities market and jurisprudence
Perfecting statute law ought to follow the alterations of the securities market. In China, the ground why legion securities market instances could non be accepted straight is uncomplete jurisprudence, including broad content of jurisprudence in securities market and unable to maintain up with the alterations of the market. For illustration, listed and delisted supervising. On March 3, 2012i??according to the “ Jiu San Society ”[ 2 ]cardinal data point ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.93.gov.cn/news/index.shtml ) , it shows that the per centum of listed companies in the NASDAQ[ 3 ]stock market in the USA reduced by 13.08 % within three old ages while the per centum of delisted company within 21 old ages in China accounted for merely 1.82 % of the entire figure of listed companies. However, people may oppugn why fiscal crisis happened in the USA where the legal system for protecting investors is effectual? Because it is hard for the lawgivers of a state to anticipate all possible events in the hereafter so that current jurisprudence may non be accurate and detailed to forestall investors from potentially illegal behaviours, to to the full reflect the societal and economic alterations in the environment ( Berkowitz, 2003 ) . Therefore, China authorities ought to hone in clip its jurisprudence in securities market when the new illegal behaviours happen.
4.2.3 The penalty degree for illegal behaviours
In 2003, the instance of “ YinGuangXia ”[ 4 ]erupted, the consequence of the instance was major parties were imprisoned for three old ages and fined up to 100000 RMB. On July 3, 2010, the instance of “ Zijin excavation ”[ 5 ]pollution exposed, the penalty consequence was the listed company was fined up to 9.56313 million RMB. It is obvious that violated investors did n’t acquire compensation alternatively of paying for the endeavor pollution. Therefore, such penalty to the parties of illegal instances is non of import, but to the vulnerable investors is truly aching. As for the USA securities market, the penalty for illegal behaviours is strong. In 2005, the SEC[ 6 ]opened $ 1.8 billion tickets to the market illegal wrongdoers ( Liu Bailan, 2011 ) . Therefore, trusting on such a rigorous supervising, the USA securities market is active.
Learning experience from the USA securities market, China authorities may reenforce the punishment degree of illegal behaviours in order to discourage the potentially illegal felons to perpetrate offenses.
4.2.4 The efficiency and strength of jurisprudence enforcement forces
China ‘s jurisprudence enforcement degree is far lower than the universe degree ( Ball, 2005 ) . Importantly, China is in the economic transmutation period so that heightening the efficiency and strength of jurisprudence enforcement for protecting vulnerable investors is peculiarly indispensable. At present, the jurisprudence enforcement degree in China is inefficient. For illustration, the instance of “ PT Red ”[ 7 ]approximately listed fraud was finally rejected by the tribunal because of the force per unit area from local authorities. In the United States, although “ ENRON ”[ 8 ]has a strong relationship with the Bush disposal, it still can non get away the destiny of the legal countenance. Furthermore, on July 16, 2010, the United States Senate passed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, one portion of which sets a clip bound in order to better the efficiency and strength of jurisprudence enforcement forces. More exactly, one time the SEC jurisprudence enforcement functionaries announce to implement a jurisprudence enforcement action, executing should be implemented in 180 yearss. Besides that, one time the SEC inspectors and jurisprudence enforcement forces complete the appraisal and scrutiny, the executive jurisprudence forces will rectify action or release processing consequences in 180 yearss ( Public Law 111-203, 2010 ) . Therefore, China authorities could restrict the clip of jurisprudence enforcement forces covering with instances for protecting vulnerable investors to be successful.
In decision
Based on the above analysis, we can come to the decision that the vulnerable investors really exist in the securities market in China and the per centum of them is really high. Particularly of import, comparative to institutional investors and big stockholders, vulnerable investors are so weak in impersonal and personal grounds. Then, based on analysing investor instruction and statute law in securities market, although illegal instances in securities market in China still emerge after fiscal crisis, we believe that investor protection mechanism could be enhanced by beef uping investors ‘ investing thoughts, puting up right investing attitude, forcing to cut down administrative intercession, doing statute law maintain up with market and beef uping the jurisprudence penalty and jurisprudence enforcement efficiency so as to set up to the effectual mechanism of vulnerable investor protection. Surely, farther research into the mechanism of vulnerable investor protection is needed.
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