The mathematical mold of the chemical processes represents an of import job for both the design phase and for the operation of the chemical and petrochemical workss. Among the chemical processes there is besides the shell-and-tube package heat money changer. Worldwide, there are avaible systems of chemical procedures simulation plans, including the heat money changers [ 1, 2 ] . These simulation plans treat globally the operation of the heat money changer, concentrating on the dimensioning of the heat transportation country in disfavour of the analysis of the operation of some already designed money changer. In this state of affairs, the writer has investigated the possibility of the simulation of the operation of the designed heat money changer, both for look intoing it and particularly for the undermentioned simulation of the control systems that have within the procedure construction a shell-and-tube package heat money changer [ 3, 4, 5 ] .
The construction of the shell-and-tube package heat money changers
In figure 1-a there is presented a shell-and-tube package heat money changer, holding fluxes in counter flow. This heat money changer is characterized by four input and two end product variables, figure 1-b [ 5 ] . The input variables are the undermentioned: Th1, Qhot – the recess temperature and the hot fluid flow rate, Tcl, Qcold – the recess temperature and the cold fluid flow rate. The end product variables are represented by Th2 – the outlet temperature of the hot fluid and Tc2 – the outlet temperature of the cold fluid.
Fig. 1. The shell-and-tube package heat money changer: a ) cross subdivision country ; b ) the procedure block diagram.
The mathematical mold of the heat money changer
The mathematical mold of the heat money changer presented in figure 1 has every bit chief mark the numerical concretion of the values associated to the end product variables when the input variables and exchanger geometry are know. Within the research activity, the writer has identified the following mold phases [ 3, 5 ] :
the mathematical mold of the heat transportation inside the tubings ;
the mathematical mold of the transportation in the shell ;
the planetary mathematical mold of the money changer heat transportation.
In order to put the planetary mathematical theoretical account of the heat money changer there is necessary the designation of the flows inside and outside the tubings. The mathematical theoretical account is developed harmonizing to the hypothesis that hot flow circulates outside the tubings, as place indexes out receive the value hot and the cold flow circulates inside the tubings, as the place indexes in receive the value cold.
The mathematical theoretical account of the heat money changer is defined by the non-linear equations system
. ( 1 )
From the mathematical point of position, the system ( 1 ) represents a system of two non-linear equations
. ( 2 )
The variables of the system ( 2 ) are the mercantile establishment hot fluid temperature and the mercantile establishment money changer cold fluid. The concrete looks of the maps f1 and f2 are:
; ( 3 )
. ( 4 )
The system of non-linear equations ( 1 ) can be solved utilizing the Newton-Raphson algorithm, where the Jacobean system has the undermentioned looks:
; ( 5 )
; ( 6 )
; ( 7 )
. ( 8 )
The version of the mathematical theoretical account
The version of the mathematical theoretical account means the concrete specification of the hot fluid belongingss, of the cold fluid belongingss, every bit good as of the geometrical features of the heat money changer. Within the achieved survey, there has been chosen a heat money changer presented in [ 6 ] . Harmonizing to the quoted beginning, the heat exchange takes topographic point between the hot fluid ( the kerosine ) , that circulates in the money changer shell, and the cold fluid ( the petroleum oil ) , that circulates in the tubing. The belongingss of the cold fluid, the petroleum oil, and of the hot fluid, the kerosine, are presented in tabular arraies 1 and table 2.
Table 1. The belongingss of the cold fluid ( circulation inside the tubings )
Variable
Significance
Measure units
Value
Flow rate inside the tubings
50000
Fluid denseness inside the tubings
820
Fluid specific heat inside the tubings
2239
Fluid heat conduction inside the tubings
0.127
Fluid kinematic viscousness inside the tubings
Tc1
Inlet temperature of ( cold ) fluid in the tubings
& A ; deg ; C
103
Table 2. The belongingss of the hot fluid ( circulation outside the tubings )
Variable
Significance
Measure units
Value
Fluid flow rate outside tubings
163000
Fluid denseness outside tubings
660
Fluid specific heat outside tubings
2602
Fluid heat conduction outside tubings
0.1364
Fluid kinetic viscousness outside tubings
Th1
Inlet temperature fluid ( cold ) in shell
& A ; deg ; C
180
The geometrical features and the values of some parametric quantities of the heat money changer are presented in table 3 and 4.
Table 3. The heat features associated to the heat money changer
Variable
Significance
Measure units
Value
Tube heat conduction ( tubings of C steel )
40
Specific heat opposition of the sedimentation inside tubings
0.0011
Specific heat opposition of the sedimentation outside tubings
0.0004
Table 4. The geometrical features of the heat money changer
Variable
Significance
Measure units
Value
Liter
Tube length
m
6
Number of base on ballss of tubings
–
2
Number of tubings
–
900
Number of tubings in window
–
112
The interior diameter of tubings
millimeter
20
The exterior diameter of tubings
millimeter
25
Shell diameter
m
1.1
Window diameter
m
1.06
Cavil diameter
m
1.095
ten
Distance between quibbles
m
0.4
s
Side of equilateral trigon of the tubings
millimeter
32
Holes diameter
m
0.026
The angle at the centre of the chord of quibble
& A ; deg ;
106
Number of braces of scaling longitudinal quibbles
–
2
Number of the tubes rows placed between the Windowss
–
24
H
Cavil tallness
m
0.88
The simulation of the heat money changer utilizing Unisim plan
The plan Unisim Shell Tube Exchanger Modeler R380 is used to patterning and to imitating the shell-and-tube package heat money changers. The most of import constructive categorization of the heat money changer with shell and tubing has proposed by Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association ( abbreviation TEMA ) [ 7 ] . This categorization uses the undermentioned standards [ 8 ] :
the front terminal caput building ;
the circulation type of the watercourse between the tubings and shell ;
the type of the front terminal caput.
The writer has studied the chief installations of the Unisim Shell Tube Exchanger Modeler R380 plan and has identified the undermentioned concretion phases:
Choose the Simulation map of Start Up subdivision.
Choose the geometrical specifications of the heat money changer in the Exchanger General subdivision. The heat money changer has the undermentioned features: the front terminal caput type is demountable ( TEMA A ) , the shell type has two tubing base on balls into shell ( TEMA F ) , the rear terminal caput type with demountable nomadic caput ( TEMA S ) , the shell orientation is horizontal and the side for hot watercourse is the shell side. An image of this phase is presented in figure 2.
Choose the subdivision Tube Details for specification of the geometrically tubes features.
Choose the subdivision Transverse Baffles for specification of the geometrically features of the baffles. The flow subdivision between the baffle and the shell is calculated utilizing the dealingss presented in table 5.
The features of the cold and the hot watercourse are specificities into Physical Proprieties subdivision.
Fig. 2. The geometrical specifications of the heat money changer.
Table 5. The expressions used for the flow subdivision between the baffle and the shell
Variable
Formula
Circle country
Area of the circle section with angle
Triangle country
Flow subdivision country
Flow subdivision per centum
Numeric consequences
The writer has simulate the heat transportation trough shell and tubing heat money changer utilizing two ways: first manner is dedicated to work out the mathematical theoretical account ( 1 ) and 2nd manner contains the heat money changer simulation utilizing the Unisim Shell Tube Exchanger Modeler R380.
For solve the mathematical theoretical account ( 1 ) , the writer has lucubrate a specially plan, which use the Newton – Raphson algorithm for work outing the non-linear equations systems [ 9 ] . There has implemented two versions of simulation plans: one version use the analytically Jacobean matrix and the 2nd version use the numerically Jacobean matrix rating [ 4 ] . In table 6 there are presented relatively the consequences obtained for the resolution of the mathematical theoretical account of the heat money changer by agencies of the two algorithms.
Table 6. The Newton – Raphson comparative consequences
Iteration
Equation index
Newton-Raphson algorithm based on analytical derived functions
Newton-Raphson based on numerical derived functions
0
1
1.3701357466
7.0651772244E+05
1.3701357466
7.0651772244E+05
2
1.1701357466
2.5760903814E+05
1.1701357466
2.5760903814E+05
1
1
1.3786567675
0.0000000000E+00
1.3880450337
-2.7160644531E-03
2
1.1896271727
1.8637047361E+05
1.1860703994
2.3748612976E+03
2
1
1.3837998035
0.0000000000E+00
2
1.1876787178
8.5532275970E+04
The 2nd manner to imitate the heat money changer simulation has used the Unisim Shell Tube Exchanger Modeler R380. The consequences obtained with this simulation plan are presented in figure 3.
Fig. 3. The numerical consequences obtained by Unisim Shell Tube Exchanger Modeler R380
In table 7 are presented the comparative end product temperatures of the heat money changer. There are three value beginnings:
the original illustration, presented in [ 6 ] ;
the consequences obtained by work outing the mathematical theoretical account ( 1 ) ;
the consequences obtained by use the Unisim Shell Tube Exchanger Modeler R380 simulation plan.
Thesiss consequences validate the mathematical theoretical account proposed by the writer and the detailed simulation plan. In future, the mathematical theoretical account will be used to imitate the control systems what contain the heat money changer.
Table 7. The comparative consequences of the heat money changer simulation
Simulation consequence
Outlet hot temperature [ & A ; deg ; C ]
Outlet cold temperature [ & A ; deg ; C ]
Original illustration [ 6 ]
140.0
118.0
Simulation on the mathematical theoretical account ( 1 )
138.4
118.7
UNISIM simulation
131.3
121.5